The costs of running a municipality are ongoing. Payments for water, sewer, and garbage services, as well as fees for building permits, taxes, licenses, and other levies, help to fund day-to-day operations, but they are insufficient to cover all. The costs of maintaining a municipality maintained, operational, and safe for its citizens are never-ending. Many […]

Why would a municipality opt to issue bonds? … Stocks allow investors to own a piece of the company, whereas bonds are loans. What is the purpose of bonds? A bond, like an IOU, is a debt security. Borrowers sell bonds to investors who are prepared to lend them money for a set period of

Bond prices decline when interest rates rise (and vice versa), with long-maturity bonds being the most susceptible to rate changes. This is due to the fact that longer-term bonds have a longer duration than shorter-term bonds, which are closer to maturity and have fewer remaining coupon payments. Long-term bonds are also more vulnerable to interest

Green bonds are similar to conventional bonds in that the money raised from investors is used solely to fund projects that have a good influence on the environment, such as renewable energy and green buildings. Companies issue green bonds for a variety of reasons. Green bonds, which finance ecologically beneficial initiatives, are becoming more popular

Convertible bonds are corporate bonds that can be exchanged for the issuing company’s common stock. Convertible bonds are issued by companies to cut debt coupon rates and defer dilution. The conversion ratio of a bond decides how many shares an investor will receive in exchange for it. Companies can force bond conversion if the stock

Companies issue callable bonds to take advantage of potential interest rate reductions. According to the bond’s terms, the issuing corporation can redeem callable bonds before the maturity date. If interest rates fall, the corporation can redeem outstanding bonds and reissue debt at a cheaper interest rate. As a result, the cost of capital is reduced.

International debt financing is critical for the development of emerging economies because it provides access to more liquidity, a larger investor base, and more effective rules and regulations for EM enterprises. However, the late-nineties financial crisis, along with recent rapid expansion in corporate debt in emerging markets, caused policymakers to reconsider the danger of offshore

According to Nasdaq, issuing bonds is often less expensive than issuing stock. When a company issues new shares, it dilutes existing shareholders’ proportional ownership and, as a result, the value of their stock. It also diminishes their ability to vote. Shareholders often seek higher rates of return than bond investors since share issues are risky.

Companies, like people, can borrow money from banks, but issuing bonds is generally a more appealing option. The interest rate that firms pay bond investors is typically lower than the interest rate that banks provide. Companies are in business to make money, so keeping interest costs as low as possible is critical. One of the

Multinational corporations and governments frequently issue bonds in several currencies to take advantage of reduced borrowing costs and to match their currency inflows and outflows. Why would you issue a bond in a currency other than your own? Because issuing bonds in foreign currency requires significant fixed transaction costs, regulatory variations appear to limit bond