Is Inflation A Good Thing?

Inflation, according to economists, occurs when the supply of money exceeds the demand for it.
When inflation helps to raise consumer demand and consumption, which drives economic growth, it is considered as a positive.
Some people believe inflation is necessary to prevent deflation, while others say it is a drag on the economy.
Some inflation, according to John Maynard Keynes, helps to avoid the Paradox of Thrift, or postponed consumption.

What advantages does inflation provide?

1. Deflation (price declines negative inflation) is extremely dangerous. People are hesitant to spend money while prices are falling because they believe items will be cheaper in the future; as a result, they continue to postpone purchases. Furthermore, deflation raises the real worth of debt and lowers the disposable income of people who are trying to pay off debt. When consumers take on debt, such as a mortgage, they typically expect a 2% inflation rate to help erode the debt’s value over time. If the 2% inflation rate does not materialize, their debt burden will be higher than anticipated. Deflationary periods wreaked havoc on the UK in the 1920s, Japan in the 1990s and 2000s, and the Eurozone in the 2010s.

2. Wage adjustments are possible due to moderate inflation. A moderate pace of inflation, it is thought, makes relative salary adjustments easier. It may be difficult, for example, to reduce nominal wages (workers resent and resist a nominal wage cut). However, if average wages are growing due to modest inflation, it is simpler to raise the pay of productive workers; unproductive people’ earnings can be frozen, effectively resulting in a real wage reduction. If there was no inflation, there would be greater real wage unemployment, as businesses would be unable to decrease pay to recruit workers.

3. Inflation allows comparable pricing to be adjusted. Moderate inflation, like the previous argument, makes it easier to alter relative pricing. This is especially significant in the case of a single currency, such as the Eurozone. Countries in southern Europe, such as Italy, Spain, and Greece, have become uncompetitive, resulting in a high current account deficit. Because Spain and Greece are unable to weaken their currencies in the Single Currency, they must reduce comparable prices in order to recover competitiveness. Because of Europe’s low inflation, they are forced to slash prices and wages, resulting in decreased growth (due to the effects of deflation). It would be easier for southern Europe to adjust and restore competitiveness without succumbing to deflation if the Eurozone had modest inflation.

4. Inflation can help the economy grow. The economy may be locked in a recession during periods of exceptionally low inflation. Targeting a higher rate of inflation may theoretically improve economic growth. This viewpoint is divisive. Some economists oppose aiming for a higher inflation rate. Some, on the other hand, would aim for more inflation if the economy remained in a prolonged slump. See also: Inflation rate that is optimal.

For example, in 2013-14, the Eurozone experienced a relatively low inflation rate, which was accompanied by very slow economic development and high unemployment. We may have witnessed a rise in Eurozone GDP if the ECB had been willing to aim higher inflation.

The Phillips Curve argues that inflation and unemployment are mutually exclusive. Higher inflation reduces unemployment (at least in the short term), but the significance of this trade-off is debatable.

5. Deflation is preferable to inflation. Economists joke that the only thing worse than inflation is deflation. A drop in prices can increase actual debt burdens while also discouraging spending and investment. The Great Depression of the 1930s was exacerbated by deflation.

Disadvantages of inflation

When the inflation rate exceeds 2%, it is usually considered a problem. The more inflation there is, the more serious the matter becomes. Hyperinflation can wipe out people’s savings and produce considerable instability in severe cases, such as in Germany in the 1920s, Hungary in the 1940s, and Zimbabwe in the 2000s. This type of hyperinflation, on the other hand, is uncommon in today’s economy. Inflation is usually accompanied by increased interest rates, so savers don’t lose their money. Inflation, on the other hand, can still be an issue.

Inflationary expansion is often unsustainable, resulting in harmful boom-bust economic cycles. For example, in the late 1980s, the United Kingdom experienced substantial inflation, but this economic boom was unsustainable, and attempts by the government to curb inflation resulted in the recession of 1990-92.
Inflation tends to inhibit long-term economic growth and investment. This is due to the increased likelihood of uncertainty and misunderstanding during periods of high inflation. Low inflation is said to promote better stability and encourage businesses to invest and take risks.
Inflation can make a business unprofitable. A significantly greater rate of inflation in Italy, for example, can render Italian exports uncompetitive, resulting in a lower AD, a current account deficit, and slower economic growth. This is especially crucial for Euro-zone countries, as they are unable to devalue in order to regain competitiveness.
Reduce the worth of your savings. Money loses its worth as a result of inflation. If inflation is higher than interest rates, savers will be worse off. Inflationary pressures can cause income redistribution in society. The elderly are frequently the ones that suffer the most from inflation. This is especially true when inflation is strong and interest rates are low.
Menu costs – during periods of strong inflation, the cost of revising price lists increases. With modern technologies, this isn’t as important.
Real wages are falling. In some cases, significant inflation might result in a decrease in real earnings. Real incomes decline when inflation is higher than nominal salaries. During the Great Recession of 2008-16, this was a concern, as prices rose faster than incomes.

Inflation (CPI) outpaced pay growth from 2008 to 2014, resulting in a drop in living standards, particularly for low-paid, zero-hour contract workers.

What makes inflation so bad?

If inflation continues to rise over an extended period of time, economists refer to this as hyperinflation. Expectations that prices will continue to rise fuel inflation, which lowers the real worth of each dollar in your wallet.

Spiraling prices can lead to a currency’s value collapsing in the most extreme instances imagine Zimbabwe in the late 2000s. People will want to spend any money they have as soon as possible, fearing that prices may rise, even if only temporarily.

Although the United States is far from this situation, central banks such as the Federal Reserve want to prevent it at all costs, so they normally intervene to attempt to curb inflation before it spirals out of control.

The issue is that the primary means of doing so is by rising interest rates, which slows the economy. If the Fed is compelled to raise interest rates too quickly, it might trigger a recession and increase unemployment, as happened in the United States in the early 1980s, when inflation was at its peak. Then-Fed head Paul Volcker was successful in bringing inflation down from a high of over 14% in 1980, but at the expense of double-digit unemployment rates.

Americans aren’t experiencing inflation anywhere near that level yet, but Jerome Powell, the Fed’s current chairman, is almost likely thinking about how to keep the country from getting there.

The Conversation has given permission to reprint this article under a Creative Commons license. Read the full article here.

Photo credit for the banner image:

Prices for used cars and trucks are up 31% year over year. David Zalubowski/AP Photo

Is inflation always beneficial?

Inflation isn’t always a negative thing. A small amount is actually beneficial to the economy.

Companies may be unwilling to invest in new plants and equipment if prices are falling, which is known as deflation, and unemployment may rise. Inflation can also make debt repayment easier for some people with increasing wages.

However, inflation running at 5 percent or greater is a scenario the U.S. hasn’t witnessed since the early 1980s. Higher-than-normal inflation, according to economists like myself, is bad for the economy for a variety of reasons.

Higher prices on vital products such as food and gasoline may become expensive for individuals whose wages aren’t rising as quickly. Even when their earnings rise, higher inflation makes it difficult for customers to distinguish if a given item is becoming more expensive relative to other items or simply increasing in accordance with the overall price increase. This can make it more difficult for people to budget properly.

What applies to homes also applies to businesses. The cost of critical inputs, such as oil or microchips, is increasing for businesses. They may wish to pass on these expenses to consumers, but their ability to do so may be constrained. As a result, they may have to reduce production, which will exacerbate supply chain issues.

With examples, is inflation positive or bad?

Inflation that is excessively high, of course, is bad for the economy and for individuals. Unless interest rates are higher than inflation, inflation will always depreciate the value of money. And the greater inflation rises, the less likelihood savers have of seeing a real return on their investment. Although, in theory, encouraging people to spend rather than conserve should be beneficial to the economy.

Is inflation beneficial or detrimental to stocks?

Consumers, stocks, and the economy may all suffer as a result of rising inflation. When inflation is high, value stocks perform better, and when inflation is low, growth stocks perform better. When inflation is high, stocks become more volatile.

Advantages of Inflation

Deflation has the potential to be exceedingly harmful to the economy, as it might result in fewer consumer spending and growth. When prices are falling, for example, buyers are urged to put off purchasing in the hopes of a lower price in the future.
The real worth of debt is reduced when inflation is moderate. In a deflationary environment, the real value of debt rises, putting a strain on discretionary incomes.
Inflation rates that are moderate allow prices to adjust and goods to reach their true value.
Wage inflation at a moderate rate allows relative salaries to adjust. Wages are stuck in a downward spiral. Firms can effectively freeze pay raises for less productive workers with moderate inflation, effectively giving them a real pay cut.
Inflation rates that are moderate are indicative of a thriving economy. Inflation is frequently associated with economic growth.

Disadvantages of Inflation

Inflationary rates create uncertainty and confusion, which leads to less investment. It is said that countries with continuously high inflation have poorer investment and economic growth rates.
Increased inflation reduces international competitiveness, resulting in less exports and a worsening current account balance of payments. This is considerably more troublesome with a fixed exchange rate, such as the Euro, because countries do not have the option of devaluation.
Inflation can lower the real worth of investments, which can be especially detrimental to elderly persons who rely on their assets. It is, however, dependent on whether interest rates are higher than inflation.
The real value of government bonds will be reduced by inflation. To compensate, investors will demand higher bond rates, raising the cost of debt interest payments.
Hyperinflation has the potential to ruin an economy. If inflation becomes out of control, it can lead to a vicious cycle in which rising inflation leads to higher inflation expectations, which leads to further higher prices. Hyperinflation can wipe out middle-class savings and transfer wealth and income to people with debt, assets, and real estate.
Reduced inflation costs. Governments/Central Banks must implement a deflationary fiscal/monetary policy to restore price stability. This, however, results in weaker aggregate demand and, in many cases, a recession. Reduced inflation comes at a cost: unemployment, at least in the short term.

When weighing the benefits and drawbacks of inflation, it’s vital to assess the sort of inflation at hand.

It’s possible that cost-push inflation is simply a blip on the radar (e.g. due to raising taxes). As a result, this is a one-time issue that isn’t as significant as deep-seated inflation (e.g. due to wage inflation and high inflation expectations)
Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, tends to lower living standards (short-run aggregate supply is shifted left). Cost-push inflation is also difficult to manage because a central bank cannot simultaneously cut inflation and boost economic growth.
It also depends on whether or not inflation is expected. Many people, particularly savers, are more likely to lose out if inflation is significantly greater than expected.

Do prices fall as a result of inflation?

The consumer price index for January will be released on Thursday, and it is expected to be another red-flag rating.

As you and your wallet may recall, December witnessed the greatest year-over-year increase since 1982, at 7%. As we’ve heard, supply chain or transportation concerns, as well as pandemic-related issues, are some of the factors pushing increasing prices. Which raises the question of whether prices will fall after those issues are overcome.

The answer is a resounding nay. Prices are unlikely to fall for most items, such as restaurant meals, clothing, or a new washer and dryer.

“When someone realizes that their business’s costs are too high and it’s become unprofitable, they’re quick to identify that and raise prices,” said Laura Veldkamp, a finance professor at Columbia Business School. “However, it’s rare to hear someone complain, ‘Gosh, I’m making too much money.'” To fix that situation, I’d best lower those prices.'”

When firms’ own costs rise, they may be forced to raise prices. That has undoubtedly occurred.

“Most small-business owners are having to absorb those additional prices in compensation costs for their supplies and inventory products,” Holly Wade, the National Federation of Independent Business’s research director, said.

But there’s also inflation caused by supply shortages and demand floods, which we’re experiencing right now. Because of a chip scarcity, for example, only a limited number of cars may be produced. We’ve seen spikes in demand for products like toilet paper and houses. And, in general, people are spending their money on things other than trips.

Governments seek inflation for what reason?

Question from a reader: Why does inflation make it easier for governments to repay their debts?

During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, when inflation was quite high, the national debt as a percentage of GDP dropped dramatically. Deflation and massive debt characterized the 1920s and 1930s.

Inflation makes it easier for a government to pay its debt for a variety of reasons, especially when inflation is larger than planned. In conclusion:

Nominal tax collections rise as inflation rises (if prices are higher, the government will collect more VAT, workers pay more income tax)
Higher inflation lowers the actual worth of debt; bondholders with fixed interest rates will see their bonds’ real value diminish, making it easier for the government to repay them.
Higher inflation allows the government to lock income tax levels, allowing more workers to pay higher tax rates thereby increasing tax revenue without raising rates.

Why inflation can benefit the government at the expense of bondholders

Let’s pretend that an economy has 0% inflation and that people anticipate it to stay that way.
Let’s say the government needs to borrow 2 billion and sells 1,000 30-year bonds to the private sector. The government may give a 2% annual interest rate to entice individuals to acquire bonds.
The government will thereafter be required to repay the full amount of the bonds (1,000) as well as the annual interest payments (20 per year at 2%).
Investors who purchase the bonds will profit. The bond yield (2%) is higher than the inflation rate. They get their bonds back, plus interest.
Assume, however, that inflation of 10% occurred unexpectedly. Money loses its worth as a result of this. As prices rise as a result of inflation, 1,000 will buy fewer products and services.
As salaries and prices rise, the government will receive more tax money as a result of inflation (for example, if prices rise 10%, the government’s VAT receipts will rise 10%).
As a result, inflation aids the government in collecting more tax income.
Bondholders, on the other hand, lose out. The government still owes only 1,000 in repayment. However, inflation has lowered the value of that 1,000 bond (it now has a real value of 900). Because the inflation rate (ten percent) is higher than the bond’s interest rate (two percent), their funds are losing actual value.
Because of inflation, repaying bondholders needs a lesser percentage of the government’s overall tax collection, making it easier for the government to repay the original loan.

As a result of inflation, the government (borrower) is better off, whereas bondholders (savers) are worse off.

Evaluation (index-linked bonds)

Some bondholders will purchase index-linked bonds as a result of this risk. This means that if inflation rises, the maturity value and interest rate on the bond will rise in lockstep with inflation, protecting the bond’s real value. The government does not benefit from inflation in this instance since it pays greater interest payments and is unable to discount the debt through inflation.

Inflation and benefits

Inflation is expected to peak at 6.2 percent in 2022 in the United Kingdom, resulting in a significant increase in nominal tax receipts. The government, on the other hand, has expanded benefits and public sector salaries at a lower inflation rate. In April 2022, inflation-linked benefits and tax credits will increase by 3.1%, as determined by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation rate in September 2021.

As a result, public employees and benefit recipients will suffer a genuine drop in income their benefits will increase by 3.1 percent, but inflation might reach 6.2 percent. The government’s financial condition will improve in this case by increasing benefits at a slower rate than inflation.

Only by making the purposeful decision to raise benefits and wages at a slower rate than inflation can debt be reduced.

Inflation and bracket creep

Another approach for the government to benefit from inflation is to maintain a constant income tax level. The basic rate of income tax (20%), for example, begins at 12,501. At 50,000, the tax rate is 40%, and at 150,000, the tax rate is 50%. As a result of inflation, nominal earnings will rise, and more workers will begin to pay higher rates of income tax. As a result, even though the tax rate appears to be unchanged, the government has effectively raised average tax rates.

Long Term Implications of inflation on bonds

People will be hesitant to buy bonds if they expect low inflation and subsequently lose the real worth of their savings due to high inflation. They know that inflation might lower the value of bondholders’ money.

If bondholders are concerned that the government will generate inflation, greater bond rates will be desired to compensate for the risk of losing money due to inflation. As a result, the likelihood of high inflation may make borrowing more onerous for the government.

Bondholders may not expect zero inflation; yet, bondholders are harmed by unexpected inflation.

Example Post War Britain

Inflation was fairly low throughout the 1930s. This is one of the reasons why individuals were willing to pay low interest rates for UK government bonds (in the 1950s, the national debt increased to over 230 percent of GDP). Inflationary effects lowered the debt burden in the postwar period, making it simpler for the government to satisfy its repayment obligations.

In the 1970s, unexpected inflation (due to an oil price shock) aided in the reduction of government debt burdens in a number of countries, including the United States.

Inflation helped to expedite the decline of UK national debt as a percentage of GDP in the postwar period, lowering the real burden of debt. However, debt declined as a result of a sustained period of economic development and increased tax collections.

Economic Growth and Government Debt

Another concern is that if the government reflates the economy (for example, by pursuing quantitative easing), it may increase both economic activity and inflation. A higher GDP is a crucial component in the government’s ability to raise more tax money to pay off its debt.

Bondholders may be concerned about an economy that is expected to experience deflation and negative growth. Although deflation might increase the real value of bonds, they may be concerned that the economy is stagnating too much and that the government would struggle to satisfy its debt obligations.

Is negative inflation beneficial?

1 When the index is lower in one period than in the preceding period, the overall level of prices has fallen, indicating that the economy is in deflation. This general price decrease is beneficial since it offers customers more purchasing power.

What is the state of inflation in the United States?

The core inflation rate, which is commonly measured on a year-over-year basis, eliminates the influence of volatile oil and food prices. In February 2022, it was growing 6.4 percent annually and 0.5 percent. 1 That’s substantially more than the Federal Reserve’s recommended objective of 2% to keep the economy healthy.