The notion of exponential expansion of space in the early cosmos is known as cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation in physical cosmology. From 1036 seconds after the conjectured Big Bang singularity to somewhere between 1033 and 1032 seconds following the singularity, the inflationary epoch lasted. The cosmos continued to grow after the inflationary epoch, but at a lesser rate. After the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old, dark energy began to accelerate its expansion (5.4 billion years ago).
Several theoretical physicists, including Alexei Starobinsky at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Alan Guth at Cornell University, and Andrei Linde at the Lebedev Physical Institute, contributed to the development of inflation theory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The 2014 Kavli Prize was awarded to Alexei Starobinsky, Alan Guth, and Andrei Linde “for pioneering the hypothesis of cosmic inflation.” It was further improved in the early 1980s. It describes how the universe’ large-scale structure came to be. The seeds for the growth of structure in the Universe are quantum fluctuations in the microscopic inflationary zone, enlarged to cosmic scale (see galaxy formation and evolution and structure formation). Inflation, according to many physicists, explains why the world appears to be the same in all directions (isotropic), why the cosmic microwave background radiation is dispersed uniformly, why the cosmos is flat, and why no magnetic monopoles have been found.
The precise particle physics mechanism that causes inflation remains unclear. Most physicists accept the basic inflationary paradigm since a number of inflation model predictions have been confirmed by observation; nonetheless, a significant minority of experts disagree. The inflaton is a hypothetical field that is supposed to be responsible for inflation.
In 2002, M.I.T. physicist Alan Guth, Stanford physicist Andrei Linde, and Princeton physicist Paul Steinhardt shared the renowned Dirac Prize “for development of the notion of inflation in cosmology.” For their discovery and development of inflationary cosmology, Guth and Linde were awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in 2012.
What was the rate of expansion of the cosmos during inflation?
The expansion of the universe is defined as the time-dependent increase in distance between any two gravitationally unbound regions of the observable universe. It is a natural expansion in which the scale of space alters. The cosmos does not expand “into” anything, nor does it necessitate the existence of space “outside” of it. This expansion does not entail space or objects in space “moving” in the usual sense; rather, the metric (which determines the size and geometry of spacetime) shifts in scale. Objects get further distant from one another at ever-increasing speeds as the spatial element of the universe’s spacetime metric scales up. All of space appears to be expanding to any observer in the cosmos, and all save the nearest galaxies (which are constrained by gravity) appear to retreat at rates proportionate to their distance from the observer. While things in space cannot travel faster than the speed of light, this restriction does not apply to the consequences of changes in the metric. Objects beyond the cosmic event horizon will eventually become unobservable since no fresh light from them will be able to overcome the expansion of the universe, limiting the size of our observable cosmos.
The expansion of the cosmos differs from the expansions and explosions witnessed in everyday life as a result of general relativity. It is a quality of the universe as a whole, and it occurs throughout the universe rather than in a single location. As a result, unlike previous expansions and explosions, it cannot be witnessed from the “outside”; it is claimed that there is no “outside” from which to observe.
The FriedmannLematreRobertsonWalker metric is used to simulate metric expansion in Big Bang cosmology, and it is a generic attribute of the universe we live in. However, because gravity holds matter together tightly enough that metric expansion cannot be observed on a smaller scale at present moment, the hypothesis is only viable on large scales (about the scale of galaxy clusters and higher). As a result of metric expansion, the only galaxies that are receding from one another are those separated by cosmologically relevant scales larger than the length scales associated with gravitational collapse that are possible in the age of the universe given the matter density and average expansion rate.
According to inflation theory, the universe expanded by a factor of at least 1078 during the inflationary epoch, which occurred about 1032 of a second after the Big Bang (an expansion of distance by a factor of at least 1026 in each of the three dimensions). This would be the same as expanding an object 1 nanometer (109 m, about half the width of a DNA molecule) in length to 10.6 light years (1017 m, or 62 trillion miles) in length. After that, space continued to expand at a much slower and steady rate until, around 9.8 billion years after the Big Bang (4 billion years ago), it began to grow more quickly and is currently doing so. As a solution to explain this late-time acceleration, physicists have proposed the existence of dark energy, which appears as a cosmological constant in the simplest gravitational models. This acceleration becomes increasingly dominant in the future, according to the simplest extrapolation of the currently favored cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model. Based on research utilizing the Hubble Space Telescope, NASA and ESA scientists stated in June 2016 that the universe is expanding 5 percent to 9 percent faster than previously thought.
What caused cosmic inflation to begin?
What is cosmic inflation and how does it work? The theory of cosmic inflation proposes that the universe experienced a period of extremely rapid exponential expansion in its early moments (starting at 1036 seconds after the Big Bang singularity, to be precise).
Why is cosmic inflation erroneous?
Is the hypothesis of cosmic inflation true in the early universe, and if so, what are the features of this epoch? What is the scalar field of hypothetical inflatons that caused cosmic inflation? Is inflation, if it occurred once, self-sustaining through the inflation of quantum-mechanical fluctuations, and so continuing at some faraway location?
Because there was no one-time Big Bang, the one-time cosmic inflation theory is incorrect. There would be no one-time cosmic inflation if there was no one-time Big Bang. We need to rethink inflation and how it works in our steady-state universe.
Guth attributed his inflation to a once-in-a-lifetime occurrence and process (but not one place). NPQG envisions a continuous stream of asynchronous processes that run in parallel. In hindsight, it will be clear that both cosmic inflation and the Big Bang theories were anthropocentric. As if the universe was made only for us!
In essence, Guth came very close to being correct, and I’m not sure if he still believes in the ‘one time’ interpretation. Guth’s inflationary hypothesis, in any event, fits in nicely with NPQG and the immutable point charge universe. The negative pressure vortex event during an inflationary mini-bang, as I see it. The point charges in a Planck core are packed at around 10-35 meters center to center, and it’s possible that frame dragging effects are drawing lower-energy aether into close proximity to the core.
According to Dr. Paul Sutter, inflation is attempting to solve a real problem. “Ask a Spaceman, The Ultimate Guide to Cosmic Inflation (Parts 1-4)” is available to view. While Paul claims that one-time cosmic inflation theory lends itself to a set of predictions, he also claims that it has some flaws. Let’s look at these topics and see how NPQG does.
Problems Solved By Inflation
Inflation is presented as a possible explanation for the cosmos’ large-scale structure. In particular, inflation provides a causal link for the cosmic microwave background’s isotropy (CMB). Scientists believe “the CMB is the flash of the Big Bang, cooled down by the expansion of the cosmos,” according to Sir Roger Penrose. Quantum fluctuations during early inflation, according to scientists, lead to large-scale structure in the universe.
Predictions Made By Inflation
According to inflation, the structures visible in the Universe today resulted from the gravitational collapse of perturbations that originated as quantum mechanical fluctuations during the inflationary period.
The observed perturbations should be in thermal equilibrium with each other, according to inflation. The Planck spacecraft, WMAP spacecraft, and other cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, as well as galaxy surveys, have all confirmed this structure for the perturbations.
Except if the Planck satellite observations in our steady-state universe were of typical radiation at that distance. That is correct.
The Weaknesses And Failures of the One Time Inflationary Big Bang.
If you look at the ideas below, you’ll notice that they were once flaws in the big bang hypothesis that have now been transformed into inflationary achievements. Given how off-kilter both hypotheses are, it’s rather strange!
The Horizon Problem According to the Big Bang theory, cosmic microwave background is leftover light from the early cosmos that has been redshifted by a factor of z = 1090 on its journey to our observatories. The cosmic microwave background is isotropic (the same) to 1 part in 100000, according to sky surveys. How can we account for this isotropy in parts of the universe that aren’t in causal contact? This is referred to as the “The answer to the “horizon problem” has been presented as inflation prior to the Big Bang.
In NPQG, where the variance in the cosmic microwave background is 1 part in 100000, there is no requirement for a causal connection of the universe. We have a Planck limits size process, governed by the same physics, throughout the universe, with galaxy-local mini-bangs and galaxy-local inflation. Isotropy is a natural expectation in NPQG.
The Flatness Problem Because Einstein’s spacetime geometry is curvy, it raises the question of how the universe’s curvature changes over time. Why is the cosmos’ curvature so close to zero now? According to Dr. Sutter, the cosmos had to be extraordinarily flat at the moment of the Big Bang if you work backwards. Who placed the order for that? What is the significance of zero?
Because NPQG is based on a 3D Euclidean space and time, which is perfectly geometrically flat, there is no such flatness issue. Because flatness is the nature of space, there is nothing to explain using NPQG. In NPQG, it is the spacetime thother that implements curvature owing to changing energy density, i.e., gravity, and we may now resume our scientific investigation into local, regional expansion or contraction or fluctuations.
The Monopole Problem Dr. Sutter discusses how exotic the universe must be, given that it arises with extraordinarily high temperature and density in less than 10-35 seconds. By exotic, he means temperatures and densities that are several orders of magnitude higher than anything we can achieve in our most high-energy experiments. Sutter believes it’s in a plasma of oppositely charged particles, namely protons and electrons. He’s close, but the plasma is made up of electrino and positrino point charges.
Aside: I’m curious as to why no one has ever linked the concept of black hole singularity to the Big Bang. Isn’t it self-evident in hindsight? It’s as if scientists have collectively rejected this obvious link, rather than recognizing it and saying something about it “Hold on,” says the driver, “this is an indication that we’ve taken a bad turn!” The scientific approach has another another shortcoming. Self-corrections of the magnitude required in particle physics and cosmology are difficult to achieve via the scientific method. p.s. I believe Penrose comes the closest to making the connection with his conformal cyclic cosmology, but when examining CCC at the scale of the entire cosmos, he is entirely lost in scale.
What natural forces are present at the Planck scale? When discussing Planck particles in a Planck core, it’s important to note that the internal Planck particles aren’t involved in much. They’ve used up all of their energy, and so have their neighbors. Interior Planck particles are devoid of the weak, strong, and gravitational forces. What about Planck particles on the surface? They have complete freedom to react and expend energy. They are affected by gravity as well as electromagnetic and kinetic forces.
Emergence from a Planck core is a common occurrence in NPQG. Jets or ruptures of Planck plasma cause galaxy-local mini-bangs. How much more exotic are you looking for? The electrino:positrino dipole on the Planck scale is the ultimate structure that possibly exist. Planck energy point charges are the source of all standard matter-energy, including the other. It’s fascinating to consider which structures develop at Planck energy per point charge or close to it. The most primal emergent structure is undoubtedly the basic dipole, which consists of an electrino and positrino orbiting each other. What about Planck photons of generation III? Is there such a thing? It’s feasible that single electrinos and positrinos could be produced. These are not, however, magnetic monopoles. Magnetism is an emergent force in NPQG that is caused by moving charge. Without motion, there is no magnetic.
The Inflaton Field Problem It’s evident to me that physicists are obsessed with fields. It appears that physicists believe that any problem can be solved by creating a new field! Inflaton is significantly better defined with the mathematics of the dipoles that form Noether energy conservation cores.
The Seeding of Galaxies If there was ever a wacky Schrdinger’s cat’s litter claim, this is it. Seriously? How can the Big Bang / Inflation Theory claim to be the source of galaxies? In NPQG, galaxy-local processes are combined with common natural processes to shape the cosmos. At their scale, galaxies are the main process, and neither a Big Bang nor a one-time inflation are required. Also, while the cosmos appears to be unknowable from observation, NPQG makes no precise statements regarding whether it is infinite. The NPQG leaves the topic of the universe’s size and shape open for further scientific investigation. The NPQG model does not define the cosmos, unlike the Big Bang Inflation model is based on the geometry of a single inflating spacetime bubble. This is a crucial distinction because a theory with more degrees of freedom is also more frugal.
Has the speed of light been exceeded by cosmic inflation?
Cosmic inflation is a faster-than-light expansion of the universe that gave birth to a slew of new universes.
Inflation was created to explain a few aspects of the universe that would be difficult to explain otherwise. The first is that matter, according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, bends space and time, so you’d expect a universe like ours, which has mass, to be overall curved in some way, either inward like a ball (“positive”) or outward like a saddle (“negative”).
In reality, it’s almost completely flat. Furthermore, even sections of it far apart in various directions as seen from Earth have nearly the same temperature, despite the fact that in an expanding cosmos, there wouldn’t have been enough time for heat to move between them to smooth things out. That appears to be a direct challenge to the rules of thermodynamics.
Cosmic inflation solves all of these issues at once. The universe grew faster than light in its early moments (light’s speed restriction only applies to things within the cosmos). That smoothed out the wrinkles in its early chaotic state and ensured that even now, far-flung areas could exchange heat because they were formerly in close proximity.
Is inflation beneficial or harmful?
- Inflation, according to economists, occurs when the supply of money exceeds the demand for it.
- When inflation helps to raise consumer demand and consumption, which drives economic growth, it is considered as a positive.
- Some people believe inflation is necessary to prevent deflation, while others say it is a drag on the economy.
- Some inflation, according to John Maynard Keynes, helps to avoid the Paradox of Thrift, or postponed consumption.
Is a multiverse possible?
What, you don’t think one big, old, and intriguing world is enough? As it turns out, there are others. It isn’t a point of contention among physicists. Our universe is just one of many in the multiverse, which is a vast ocean of universes.
If that isn’t confusing enough, physics describes various types of multiverses. The cosmic multiverse is the most simple to comprehend. The idea is that following the big bang, the cosmos expanded at an incredible rate in a fraction of a second. There were quantum oscillations during this phase of inflation, causing separate bubble universes to come into existence and begin inflating and blowing bubbles. Andrei Linde, a Russian physicist, proposed this idea, which implies an infinite number of universes that are no longer in any causal relationship with one another and are thus free to grow in different ways.
Will the speed of light ever be surpassed?
Unfortunately, the answer is no, based on our current understanding of physics and the natural world’s constraints. The speed of light (c) is something like a cosmic speed limit that cannot be surpassed, according to Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which is expressed by the famous equation E=mc2. As a result, light-speed and faster-than-light travel are physical impossibilities, particularly for mass-carrying objects like spaceships and humans.
How did cosmic inflation exceed the speed of light?
In an inflationary Universe, any two particles will watch the other one recede from them at rates that appear to be faster-than-light after a fraction of a second. The reason for this is that the space between the particles is expanding, not because the particles themselves are moving. When particles are no longer in the same place in space and time, they can begin to experience the general relativistic effects of an expanding Universe, which quickly overwhelm the unique relativistic effects of their individual motions during inflation. We fool ourselves into believing a faraway particle travels faster-than-light when we ignore general relativity and the expansion of space and instead ascribe all of its motion to special relativity. The Universe, on the other hand, is not static. It’s simple to realize this. The difficult thing is figuring out how that works.