The polar opposite of a period of temporary decline, particularly in economic terms. The words “boom,” “upturn,” “rise,” and “success” come to mind.
What is the polar opposite of an economic depression?
- A recession and a depression are both times when the economy shrinks, but their severity, duration, and total impact are different.
- A recession is a prolonged drop in economic activity that affects all sectors of the economy.
- A depression is a more severe economic slump, and in the United States, there has only been one: the Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 to 1939.
What are the three distinct sorts of economic downturns?
A recession is defined as a time in which the economy grows at a negative rate. Economic contraction, on the other hand, can have a variety of causes and types. The length, depth, and impacts of the recession will vary depending on the type of recession.
Boom and bust recession
Many recessions follow a period of economic expansion. Economic growth is well above the long-run trend rate of growth during an economic boom; this rapid growth creates inflation and a current account deficit, and the expansion is unsustainable.
- When the government or the Central Bank notices that inflation is out of control, they respond by enacting strict monetary (higher interest rates) and fiscal policies (higher taxes and lower government spending)
- Furthermore, an economic boom is frequently unsustainable; for example, corporations may be able to temporarily increase output by paying workers to work extra, but this may not be the case in the long run.
- In addition, consumer confidence tends to rise during a boom. As a result, the savings ratio tends to shrink, and private borrowing to finance increasing consumption rises. Rising debt is fueling the economic boom. As a result, when economic fortunes shift, consumers drastically alter their behavior; rather than borrowing, they strive to pay off their debt, and the saving ratio rises, resulting in a decrease in spending.
- Following the Barber boom of 1972, the UK experienced a recession in 1973. (Though the 1973 recession was also triggered by an increase in oil prices.)
- The Lawson boom of the late 1980s was followed by the 1990-92 slump. In the late 1980s, the UK’s yearly growth rate surpassed 5%, prompting inflation to reach double digits. Interest rates were raised in response, housing prices fell, and consumer confidence plummeted, resulting in the 1991-92 recession.
- Reversing rate hikes, if triggered by excessive interest rates, can help the economy recover.
- Keep growth close to the long-run trend rate and inflation low to avoid this.
Balance sheet recession
When banks and businesses experience a significant reduction in their balance sheets as a result of decreasing asset prices and bad loans, a balance sheet recession ensues. They must restrict bank lending due to substantial losses, resulting in a drop in investment spending and economic development.
We also witness decreasing asset prices in a balance sheet recession. A drop in property values, for example, reduces consumer wealth and raises bank losses. Another element that contributes to slower growth is these.
- The Great Recession of 2008-2009. Bank losses in 2008 caused a drop in bank liquidity, leaving banks cash-strapped. As a result, bank lending decreased, making it difficult to obtain financing for investment. Despite interest rates being cut to zero, the economy slipped into recession due to a loss of trust.
- Because of the liquidity trap, interest rate cuts may not be enough to spur economic recovery.
- We must avoid a credit and asset bubble in order to avert a balance sheet recession. Inflation targeting is insufficient.
Depression
A depression is a lengthy and deep recession in which output declines by more than 10% and unemployment rates are extremely high. Because decreasing asset prices and bank losses have a long-term influence on economic activity, a balance sheet recession is more likely to result in a depression.
Supply-side shock recession
A sharp increase in oil costs might trigger a recession as living standards fall. The globe was heavily reliant on oil in 1973. The tripling of oil prices resulted in a significant drop in discretionary income as well as lost output due to a lack of oil.
- This is a rare occurrence. In comparison to the 1970s, the globe is less reliant on oil. Oil price increases in 2008 were merely a modest contributor to the 2008 recession.
- Short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) shifts left when there is a supply-side shock. As a result, we have lesser output and more inflation. It’s also known as’stagflation.’
Demand-side shock recession
An unanticipated incident that results in a significant drop in aggregate demand. For example, a drop in consumer confidence as a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks contributed to the short-lived recession of 2001 (GDP decreased only 0.3 percent) (and also the end of dot com bubble).
Different shaped recessions
- W-shaped recession a double-dip recession occurs when the economy enters a second downturn after rebounding from the first.
- After an initial drop in GDP, an L-shaped recession refers to a period of slow recovery. Even though the economy is growing at a positive rate (e.g., 0.5%), it still seems like a recession because growth is moderate and unemployment is high.
Depression or recession: which is worse?
A recession is a negative trend in the business cycle marked by a reduction in production and employment. As a result of this downward trend in household income and spending, many businesses and people are deferring big investments or purchases.
A depression is a strong downswing in the business cycle (much more severe than a downward trend) marked by severely reduced industrial production, widespread unemployment, a considerable decline or suspension of construction growth, and significant cutbacks in international commerce and capital movements. Aside from the severity and impacts of each, another distinction between a recession and a depression is that recessions can be geographically confined (limited to a single country), but depressions (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s) can occur throughout numerous countries.
Now that the differences between a recession and a depression have been established, we can all return to our old habits of cracking awful jokes and blaming them on individuals who most likely never said them.
Was it a depression or a recession in 2008?
- The Great Recession was a period of economic slump that lasted from 2007 to 2009, following the bursting of the housing bubble in the United States and the worldwide financial crisis.
- The Great Recession was the worst economic downturn in the United States since the 1930s’ Great Depression.
- Federal authorities unleashed unprecedented fiscal, monetary, and regulatory policy in reaction to the Great Recession, which some, but not all, credit with the ensuing recovery.
Is there going to be a recession in 2021?
The US economy will have a recession, but not until 2022. More business cycles will result as a result of Federal Reserve policy, which many enterprises are unprepared for. The decline isn’t expected until 2022, but it might happen as soon as 2023.
Is deflation ever experienced?
Deflation is defined as a drop in the overall cost of goods and services in an economy. While a little price fall may encourage consumer spending, widespread deflation can discourage expenditure, leading to even more deflation and economic downturns.
Fortunately, deflation is rare, and when it does, governments and central banks have instruments to mitigate its effects.